'Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide' is a childrens television drama aired on the 'Nickelodeon' channel which is aimed at an audience of young children.

The Uses and Gratifications model, suggested by Blumler and Katz says that the audience make active use of what the media offer. The audience has a set of needs which the media must meet, for example, Diversion. This is shown throughout the opening as it is is portrayed as more entertaining that the audiences actual school, allowing the audience to feel as though they are more involved in this school whilst showing relatable elements/stereotypes such as bullies. Another need is personal relationships which is demonstrated as the audience will feel empathy for the main character when something bad happens to him, for example when his items fall out of his locker. The fact the characters are always laughing and smiling portrays them as fun too, allowing you to create a relationship with the cast, making the audience want to become the characters friend. Another need is surveillance as it is in a school setting so gives us tips on what to expect from that environment and how you should behave. The final need is personal identity, the opening shows three main characters which easily allows the audience to identify each characters individual personality such as 'Moze', who is demonstrated as a dominant character as she has 'Ned' in a headlock.

Focus group

Following my survey results, i found that my target audience would be 8-12 year olds therefore i decided to use a focus group of these ages to give me a broader knowledge of what i need in a childrens opening sequence, i did this by asking them what they liked and disliked about the opening sequences that i previously analysed; Sabrina the teenage witch, Wizards of waverley place and Lizzie Mcguire.

Sabrina the teenage witch:

-80% like the fact Sabrina is the only person who appears in the opening, however the other -20% would of liked to see her friends and family

-60% said they liked that it gave an insight to Sabrina's character, showing her as a funny girl. -The other 40% said they thought it showed her in a negative way as 'vain'.

-50% liked the girly font used

-Only 10% noticed the actors names being shown, yet 100% said it is not a necessity and are not bothered about seeing it in the opening sequence

-50% did not understand the effectiveness of the window at the start

The Sleepover Club
-100% liked the theme tune, saying that it was fun and catchy and made them want to watch the show. 
-100% liked that both male and female characters were shown in the opening
-40% disliked that it had a female dominance.
-90% liked that the opening showed different clips of each character as it introduced each character to the audience. 
-90% liked that each character was assigned a colour as this showed their personalities. 

The Lizzie Mcguire Show
- 50% liked the use of the ball prop as it demonstrated the relationships between the characters and showed the show as fun and exciting, though 50% thought it was confusing as it has no relevance to the show itself.
-70% liked the white background as it made everything else stand out, however 30% said it was boring and would of preferred to see some scenery 
-100% liked the actors name being shown when the person appeared.



- 90% liked that both males and females were shown in the opening
- Only 10% said they noticed the executive producer and created by appear in the sequence, they then said that these were not necessary and were not bothered about whether these were shown or not. 


After asking my focus group these questions about the three opening sequences, I explained to them how i wanted my own opening sequence to be. I did this as a means of getting feedback on whether or not my target audience would watch and be interested in my product. After explaining my plan, i again asked what they liked about my ideas:


- They liked the idea of having more than one main character, and introducing each character individually
- They liked the idea of an upbeat and catchy tune
- They liked the name of the programme
- They liked the setting idea


After this, i asked them if they had any other suggestions that they would want to see in particular:


- They disliked the actors name being shown and suggested that I use characters names instead.
- They suggested a variety of colours to be used - Pinks and blues were popular as they would prefer a unisex programme.
- They decided the shorter the opening sequence the better as it would bore them if it was too long, they suggested no longer than 1 minute long.

I will take my focus groups thoughts and opinions into consideration when creating and making my children's drama opening sequence. I will ensure that the production plan for my sequence will meet the wants of the target audience in order for it to appeal to them.

Audience Research analysis

My questionnaire results show:

- The target audience is for an age range of 13-17

- My audience has an equal amount of males to females and 50% would like to see both male and female characters.

- All of the audience say 'yes' for watching children's television dramas

- The audience are most likely to watch a children's television drama for the actors.

- The audience prefer to see bright colours and an insight to the narrative in the opening

- The audience prefer to see special features on the childrens DVD cover

From analysing my survey results, i have decided that i will follow what the wider audience want to see, therefore aiming for an audience of 13-17 year olds that watch childrens television shows three or four times a week. However, because i wish to appeal to a wider audience i will also aim for an audience of 8-12 year olds who i feel will watch the show more. Though there were more females than males that watched childrens shows, the majority said they would like to see both males and females starring in the show, therefore i will aim for a target audience of both genders to cater for a wider audience.


These graphs show my questionnaire results:

Opening Sequence

DVD and Magazine Covers

Audience Research Questionnaire

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Target Audience 2 (DVD and Magazine Covers)

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Research into similar products: Childrens Opening Sequence 3

The sleepover club is an Australian series aimed at a young audience. Frankie and her three best friends Fliss, Kenny and Lyndz are part of the sleepover club, where each member holds sleepovers for the members. The club is joined by Rosie after she emigrates from England. The club deals with every-day problems and issues, typical of young girls experiences allowing the audience to relate to the show.

Camerawork 

The first shot is of the girls laughing together and hugging, already suggesting to the audience that they are a happy, friendly group. This is followed by a shot of the boys in the programme, representing the level of importance to teenage girls of their girl friends first before boys. By introducing the girls with only their character names it maintains a sense of reality in the programme, meaning that the audience will easily relate to it. When each character is introduced individually a long shot is used which allows the audience to see their full appearance and what they look like, giving the audience time to get to know each character. These shots will give a representation of each character and what they may be like. After each character is introduced with a long shot, a close up is used. By having a close up shot of the individual characters it allows the audience to have a better connection with them and make them easily recognisable in the programme.

Editing
The font used throughout the sequence is very feminine and typical of a girls handwriting. This gives a personal feel to the audience as they can relate to it, giving them a stronger connection with each character as well as representing that the show is mainly aimed towards females. To end the opening sequence a group shot of the girls is used which fades to the title of the programme in pink with a heart motif, which is a typical girly doodle, on the text "Sleepover!". This gives a memorable style and design to the programme making it have a recognisable theme or house-style for any following merchandise such as a DVD or magazine. To establish the characters personalities the background and font colour change with each new name, representing what they are like. For example, Frankie's background is purple which is a colour that reflects royalty or, in this case, symbolises Frankie's leadership within the group. The colour pink is used for the character Fliss which portrays her stereotypical girly demeanor. As Kenny is a sporty energetic character the colour used when she is introduced to the audience is red, typically associated with this sort of personality. As Lyndz cares for the environment the colour used to represent her is green which suggests her love for the outdoors and horse riding. Rosie has a positive, optimistic outlook so the colour used to represent her is orange. The shots used in the opening sequence are all in bubbles which gives the opening a fun and lighthearted theme, vital for a young audience to make them want to watch the programme. The bubbles connote freedom and a carefree attitude that the young characters in the sleepover club have.

Sound
The theme tune for the programme The sleepover club is very catchy and upbeat, appealing to its target audience of young teenage girls. This upbeat, cheerful theme tune gives the impression that the programme will be fun to watch which is vital for a children's television drama, in order for them to want to watch the show. The lyrics used in the theme tune will appeal to the target audience of young girls too as they involve teenage troubles which they can relate to. However the lyrics also reassure the audience as they invite them to the "sleepover" and that "together we can find our way". This creates a personal bond between the characters and the audience, making the audience feel as though they are more involved.

Mise en scene
The costume of the characters is very important in establishing what the characters are like and the characters' individual personalities. For example, Kenny is shown wearing baggy clothes suggesting that she is a tomboy. The setting of the opening sequence is in school and at the girls sleepovers. The costume of school uniform displays to the audience the age range of the characters meaning that they will be able to easily relate to them. By using the girls sleepovers as the setting it implies what the programme will involve and be about, attracting to the target audience as most young girls will find sleepovers fun and enjoy being with their friends.

Narrative
The lyrics in the theme tune allow the audience to relate to the show "No matter what we're going through, together we can find our way home. Come and sleepover and everything will be just fine, you and I can't wait until the sun so come on and sleepover, together we can dream in time and nothing's gonna stop us having fun, so come on and sleepover". These lyrics introduce both the story and characters, connecting directly with the audience as they are invited to "come on and sleep over" which will make them feel personally involved with the characters. By using these lyrics the audience will be appealed to the program as young girls enjoy having sleepovers and can relate to similar issues stated. The audience will feel as though they can relate to the characters as they share the same teenage struggles and problems however the lyrics "no matter what we're going through, together we can find our way home" will reassure them, meaning they will be likely to watch the television show. The lyrics draw us into the introduction of the main characters and display the fact that the girls are part of a close friendship group. Also the theme tune suggests the teenage problems that the characters will endure throughout the episodes.

Representations
All of the characters are represented in a fun friendly way, which is vital to ensure young children will watch the programme. However, each individual character has their own style and personality which is represented through their appearance and what they wear. This too is vital, as not everyone is the same and like the same things so many people in the audience will be able to relate to certain characters.

Conventions
Typical conventions of children's television dramas are used throughout the opening sequence of The sleepover club. For example the characters are all introduced with different shot types used allowing the audience to gain an impression on the representation of them and what they're appearance is like. The theme song of the programme is extremely upbeat and catchy with lyrics that allow the audience to relate to the characters. The text is the same font throughout which gives the programme a recognisable theme.

Research into similar products: Childrens Opening Sequence 2

Lizzie McGuire is a teen sitcom premiered on the disney channel. The show is based on a girl called Lizzie and her family. The length of the opening title sequence is quite short, being only 39 seconds long, however taking all the elements into account, it is relatively simple whilst still very effective. The length of the opening is important as it means that the audience are able to get a clear understanding of what the episodes are going to involve. It is important that the opening title sequence does not bore the audience, especially as the programme target audience is children. Therefore i think the sequence is an appropriate length in keeping the primary audience engaged. The Lizzie McGuire show introduces its characters individually which allows the audience to get to know each character. 


Camerawork 

There are three close ups at the beginning of the opening which are all of the main character, Lizzie. This displays to the audience what she looks like and her appearance as well as suggesting that she plays an important part in the programme. This is again suggested in the last shot of the sequence, which is also of Lizzie, giving the impression to the audience that she is the main character. A split-screen is also used which shows different shots of the characters, these multiple views on the screen emphasise the characters energetic and young personalities making children engage in the programme and want to watch it.

Editing 
A lot of editing is used for this opening sequence. For example, there are moving horizontal and vertical block lines which vary in different colours of blue and green. The block lines are used throughout the sequence which creates a theme. Also the lines are on top of a white background which is used throughout the entire sequence too. These create a colourful visual effect and make the sequence look more appealing which attracts the audience to watch the show. Towards the end of the sequence, is a cartoon girl who holds the ball; the fact she drops the ball emphasizes that she is quite clumsy, but as well as this suggests she is carrying too much for her own good. We assume this is a cartoon version of Lizzie as she is the star of the show. At the end of the sequence; there is a group shot of all the characters that had appeared in the sequence (minus the cartoon), Lizzie is holding the ball in this shot which shows she is the star. The title of the show "Lizzie Mcguire" appears to the side of this shot in a large black font which is very bold. 


Sound 
The catchy theme tune and lyrics used for the sequence is very appropriate for a child audience as it is very upbeat and catchy making the audience want to watch the show as they feel more involved. As the theme song is upbeat it suggests that the programme is going to be fun, energetic and lighthearted which is vital for a child audience. Using this upbeat theme tune shows that the show is very 'fun' and happy and that the show is generally aimed at a younger audience, the simple lyrics send a positive message to the audience who can relate to it as it suggests that it's okay to make mistakes.

Mise en scene 
The costume of the characters suggests that they are of a working or middle class as they are dressed quite casually. This means that the audience will be able to relate to the characters easily. The main character being Lizzie has a youthful, fun and brightly coloured costume which portrays her as a character that the audience will like and feel comfortable with. Lizzie wears very ‘out there’ clothes with contrasting bright colours which illustrate the fact she is young and energetic, this is shown through Lizzies female friend as well. These would have been fashionable at the time which makes the audience aspire to be like them.The boys both wear very baggy clothes showing they are young and stylish. We can again see that the older people are authorative figures due to them both being dressed relatively smartly compared to the children. Also, high key lighting is used during the opening sequence giving the programme a fun, bright appearance. By using high key lighting it suggests to the audience that the programme is going to be fun which is appropriate for a child audience. Another aspect of mise-en-scene used in the opening sequence is the use of a ball which is used throughout. The use of the ball as a prop makes the programme seem entertaining to watch as the family seem to be enjoying themselves as they are laughing. The ball is significant in creating a connection between all the characters as is ties them together. The footage of the main characters in the sequence, running around chasing and throwing balls suggest that they are energetic which is vital for a children's television programme to ensure that are engaged. We can interpret who Lizzie’s closest friends are because they appear to be the people that Lizzie passes the ball to most, this portrays an element of trust between Lizzie and the character as well as friendship as they play together with the ball. However, she also tries to keep the ball from a character who appears to be of a younger age, leading u to the assumption that this is her little brother. Later on in the opening, we see Lizzie and her friends chasing after the younger brother who now has the ball, this is followed by the younger brother then displayed chasing after them with the ball, this is important in showing the different ‘teams’.  It is after this point that the parents are both introduced as the mother grabs the ball. We can see that she is a parent due to her age and the fact that when she has the ball, Lizzie does not try to get it which shows an element of respect Lizzie has for her mother, as well as showing that she is an authoritive figure. This is also shown in the father as he carries the little brother. The family are shown as quite a close family as they are playing with each other which sends out a good example to the target audience.

Narrative

The lyrics used draw in young peoples attention and are very enticing."sometimes we make it and sometimes we fake it but we're one step closer each and every day and we'll figure it out on the way" introduces the audience to Lizzie's character and the teenage troubles and problems she experience during the episodes.

Representations 

The main characters are all introduced in the opening sequence and are all portrayed in a fun energetic way demonstrating to the audience that the show will be lively and entertaining. This is vital when aiming the audience at children and younger teenagers. The first and last shot in the opening sequence is of Lizzie McGuire the main character which displays her importance in the show. The characters are introduced individually allowing the audience to gain an impression about each of them. 


Conventions 
There are many typical conventions of a children's drama used in the opening sequence to Lizzie McGuire such as fun, catchy music, an introduction of main characters and the use of CGI special effects to keep children entertained. For example, all of the main characters are introduced to the audience allowing them to get an insight to what they are like and their appearance. However, as this particular programme is aimed at teenagers as well as children the opening is more sophisticated. 

Research into similar products: Childrens Opening Sequence 1

Sabrina the Teenage Witch is a teen sitcom premiered on Nickelodeon. The show is based on a teenage witch called Sabrina. The length of the opening sequence is quite short, being only 21 seconds long however it is still effective in keeping the target audience interested as it allows them to get a clear understanding of what the episodes are going to involve without boring the audience. Therefore i think the length of the opening is appropriate in keeping the audience interested. The opening sequence only introduces Sabrina's character, which tells the audience that she is the main character.  


Camerawork:
A long shot is used throughout the majority of the sequence which allows the audience to see both Sabrina and her surroundings. The shot shows Sabrina's character looking into the mirror whilst using her powers to change outfit, which emphasises to the audience that she is a witch. This shows the audience a feminine aspect of her personality as well as showing the audience her appearance and the fact she plays the most important role in the show. 


Editing:
A lot of editing is used within this sequence to represent the fact Sabrina is a witch. The opening sequence starts with a window floating in the sky. Though the sky is clearly blue with clouds here, we can see by looking out the top of the window that the sky is dark with stars here, showing the night sky. We can also see that the curtains are blowing around a lot and behind them is a dark night sky as well, this immediately demonstrates a sense of magic and suggests to the audience that through the other side of the window is a different, magical world.  This is also seen when a black cat walks through the window, the fact it is black raises the superstition of black cats being related to witches, which is acknowledged here. This shot has been placed first to fascinate the audience and make them wonder what the show is about.
The shot then zooms and pans to the title of the programme 'Sabrina the teenage witch', the 'Sabrina' font is in pink and is used in a font that looks as though it has been handwritten as a signature as opposed to 'The teenage witch', which is in a gold plain font that has been placed in boxes. The fonts so far make the programme seem feminine. However, the background is now the night sky with stars allover which could be targeted towards girls and boys. The background also has a large picture of the moon behind the title, this is another aspect that can be generalized with witches. The title then fades out and then a character we assume to be Sabrina comes into the shot surrounded by a glittery mist which demonstrates conventions of the unnatural. 


Sound:
The theme tune is upbeat and catchy. The song used starts off with a magical tone. However, after this it turns quite exciting and is the music that an average teenager will listen to, this helps engage the audience and relate to Sabrina herself. There are no lyrics used in the song, I think this is because there is such a range of different editing techniques already that lyrics too would make the sequence seem crowded. Also, not having lyrics allows Sabrina to speak during the sequence. 


Mise-en-scene:
The different outfits used highlight the fact that Sabrina is quite feminine, and as well as this a funny character due to the lobster outfit which will interest the target audience. The fact she is posing in a mirror prop also demonstrates this effectively as it demonstrates her as an ordinary teenage girl, something that the audience wouldn't have expected when seeing she was a witch. Low-key lighting is used in the background to emphasise the fact she is stood in the middle of the night sky. The colour schemes used are all very dark colours except parts of it such as her name which is in a pink font and her outfits she wears; these two contrasting concepts highlight different elements of Sabrina's personality. 


Narrative:
Sabrina talks for the first and only time at the end of the sequence when she tells a joke to the audience in relation to her lobster outfit, "Don't be shellfish". This is something that the primary audience of children and young teenagers will find funny and distinctive about the sequence as it varies slightly from usual conventions in this way. 


Representations:
The fact Sabrina is the only character in the opening sequence tells us she is very important and as well as this shows her individuality. The fact she seems so happy and looks to be enjoying herself sends out a positive message to the audience; this contrasts with what the audience would usually think of a witch. The background still remains as the night sky and the stars are now moving around; the fact she is stood in this hints at another factor of being a witch; the fact she can fly. At the bottom of the screen, the first sub-title used is "Starring Melissa Joan Hart", which tells us this is the actress that plays Sabrina. This is followed by other actors names which will be appearing within the series. Overall the sequence shows that the show will have some elements of comedy in it. 


Conventions:
The sequence goes against conventions by not having lyrics within the theme tune and as well as this, having the character herself talk. Additionally to this, Sabrina is the only character introduced within the opening sequence which tells us that show is primarily based on her. The sequence shows conventions of a witch by using the night sky, the moon and a black cat, which all effectively tell the audience the main story line of the show - being that Sabrina is a witch. 

Findings on Magazine and DVD covers

After researching both children's DVD and magazine covers. It is clear that the principle of thirds is mainly used for the positioning on DVD covers whereas the route of the eye is used for magazine covers. Less features are placed on the cover of a DVD as it does not need cover lines and smaller images to advertise features inside it. For both magazines and DVD's, the majority of the time the mastheads are the same that are used for the show and also usually follow the same fonts and colour schemes, these are all helpful for creating a brand identity and allowing the audience to familiarize the covers with the show. For DVD's especially, the company logo (such as Disney or Nickelodeon) is used as a means of synergy. On the magazines, there is usually just the main character on the front cover, whereas with DVD's, 4 of the main characters are placed on the cover with the main star being central. I have also found that DVD's use more neutral colour schemes, whereas magazines use a lot of contrasting colours and bold fonts which help make everything on the page stand out. The use of signifiers have an important effect on connotation, for example using words such as 'cool' and 'fab' on the Tracy Beaker cover make the audience feel as though they will become 'cool' and 'fab' for reading the magazine; this is effective in appealing to a wide audience as they will effectively be looking up to the main character as a role model; therefore thinking they are the 'cool' person; if the audience think that the character is 'cool' then ultimately they will want to copy or mimic the character in an attempt to be more like them as the magazines will influence what the children will think is 'cool' and 'fab' and what is not. This is therefore one of the most important aspects of the magazine especially. 

Research into similar products: Childrens DVD's

Layout
This 'Hannah Montana' DVD cover follows usual DVD conventions by mainly following the principle of thirds. The first thing we see on the cover is the title 'Hannah Montana' in the same font and colours as used for the magazine cover and actual television programme, this house style allows the audience to familiarize and identify the DVD with the show. Another important aspect of the cover is the image of the characters which takes up the majority of the cover, this makes it easy for the audience to recognise the characters as they stand out against the pale background.The layout of the cover remains ordered and organised to ensure that the audience find the cover clear to understand; especially younger children.



Font:
The title 'Hannah Montana' remains the same all other 'Hannah Montana' merchandise and the programme itself. This helps to create a recognisable house style which helps the audience identify the DVD with the show. Other fonts used on the cover are relatively large and bold in order to stand out yet they remain simple compared to the 'Hannah Montana' masthead. Using bold fonts will appeal to the young audience as it creates an exciting vibe. Above the 'Hannah Montana' title is the Disney logo which remains the same as always, which again helps the audience identify easily that the programme is related to Disney. Using this logo also helps the show appeal to a wider audience who like Disney. This is again the case in the bottom left corner where the 'Disney channel' logo is used. This is also a demonstration of synergy as both 'Hannah Montana' and 'Disney' are promoting each other to appeal to a larger audience than what could be achieved individually.To the side of this is the last piece of text of the page which reads "EXTRA: The Cast Reveal Their Secrets!" -  having the word 'extra' in a slightly bolder font with capital letters grabs the attention of the audience, therefore allowing them to see every feature on the cover.


Language:
The phrase "life's what you make it" will be recognizable to the audience who are already fans to the show as these are lyrics to one of Hannah Montana's most popular songs. This is another way of allowing the audience to familiarise the show with Hannah Montana. The phrase itself could be inspirational to the younger audience who aspire to be like Hannah Montana as it could be seen as advice to them from Hannah herself; this creates a personal bond between Hannah and the audience, making them think of Hannah as their friend. At the bottom of the DVD it states "EXTRA: The cast reveal their secrets!", using the word "secrets" will excite the audience and make them feel important, and as a result will make them want to find out more as it is only featured in this DVD. This again creates a personal bond between Hannah and the audience who will think of Hannah as their friend.


Images
The main images on the cover are of the characters; this is essential to the cover of the DVD as it allows the audience to recognise the show and characters as they stand out fairly well against the pale background used, especially as the main character Hannah wears a sequined red blazer, making her the centre of the audiences attention. Hannah is posed as though she is dancing, reinforcing the fact that she is a pop-star. This appeals to younger girls in particular who aspire to be like Hannah or have the same interests as her. The fact she is placed in front of the other characters emphasises that she is the 'star' of the show.The other characters are placed behind Hannah which shows they are still important characters in the show, however they are not as important as Hannah. This is also represented in their toned-down clothes which contrast against Hannah's clothes. The characters are all posing as smiling which shows the audience that this is a happy show and appeals to them, telling them that they will be happy if they watch the show. Another image used on the cover is the 'Disney Channel' logo in the bottom left corner of the page. This logo shows the audience that Hannah Montana is featured on the Disney Channel, which could help the show cater for a wider audience. This is also an attempt to promote the Disney Channel to the audience.


Colours:
The colours used on this DVD cover are not particularly feminine, but are neutral pale greens and blues, this shows that the DVD may appeal to young boys as well as just girls. A clear distinction is made between the characters as the characters in the background are wearing reasonably neutral colours (green, brown and pale pink), whereas Hannah wears a sequined red blazer with a bright top which highlights the fact she is the 'star' of the show. The title 'Hannah Montana' maintains its house-style by using the same colours as usual, helping the audience to familiarise the title with the show. A red font is used for the phrase "lifes what you make it" as this contrasts well against the pale background, enabling it to stand out and appeal to a wider audience.

Representations:

The characters wear what is considered as trendy outfits in the images used. The way the characters have been placed highlights their roles in the show, for example Hannah is at the front and central, telling us she is the star of the show. Whereas the other characters have been placed behind her, suggesting that they are also stars of the show but not quite as important as the character Hannah. This creates a clear distinction between the characters. This is also shown in the characters poses as Hannah stands as though she is dancing whereas the others are standing with their hand at their waist or with their arms crossed. The characters are all smiling which shows that the show is very happy, this sends out a good message about the show and makes the younger audience feel happy too.The characters in the background are wearing reasonably neutral colours (green, brown and pale pink), whereas Hannah wears asequined red blazer with a bright top. The fact she clearly stands out when next to the other characters highlights the fact she is the 'star' of the show as well as showing the differences between an ordinary teenager and a popstar. Her clothes are what young children would see as 'fashionable' or 'trendy', therefore the audience will aspire to be like her or see her as their idol. The fact both males and females are used on this cover demonstrates that the target audience is both boys and girls. 

Conventions:

The DVD cover follows usual DVD cover conventions by following mainly the principle of thirds to make sure that all the features of the cover remain central; placing the masthead at the top with the the images directly below it.

Layout:

The iCarly DVD cover follows the route of the eye more-so than the principle of thirds which is clear in the layout of the cover. The first item on the cover that the audience is drawn to is the mid-shot of the main character 'Carly' in the centre of the hotspots. Whereas Carly's picture is in the middle, other close up shots of different characters have been placed around her which follow the route of the eye. Carly's picture is larger and more central than these which demonstrates the fact that she is the star of the show. At the top of the cover is the title 'iCarly', the font and colours used for this masthead are the same used for the show, helping the audience to identify with the cover and familiarize the DVD with the show. Just above the masthead is the 'Nicklodeon' logo, which similarly to the Hannah Montana DVD cover, shows the use of synergy in nickelodeon and iCarly promoting each other. At the end of the route of the eye, in the terminal optical area, is a cover line saying "season 1 volume 2" in a very funky and young font. This lets the audience know which episodes are featured on the DVD, allowing them to decide whether they want this season or a newer season.

Images:

The main image used on this DVD cover is the mid-shot of Carly which takes up the majority of the cover; reinforcing to the audience that she is the main character of the show. Her image is large to make her stand out as much as possible in order to appeal to a wider audience who will aspire to be like her. In the background there are 3 smaller close-up images used of some of the other main characters; Freddie, Sam and Spencer. These characters are used on the cover as they are also starring characters which the audience enjoy to see and may aspire to be like. The characters are all shown as smiling to emphasise to the audience that it is a happy show and the audience will feel this happiness if they watch the show. The green background looks like pixels, this fits in with the web show theme of the show. The 'Nickelodeon' logo is used as synergy as a way of helping the show and nickelodeon promote each other.

Colours:
It is clear to see that the target audience is both boys and girls by looking at the colours used. The most dominant colour used is green, with other smaller amounts of colour such as blue, pink, orange and yellow, a combination of feminine and masculine colours which contrast together as a means of making everything on the cover stand out, appealing to a wider audience. The Nickelodeon logo is orange and white as usual, making it easy for the audience to recognise the logo. The pink background of the title is the brightest part of the cover, not only standing out against the pale green background but also ensuring that the blue 'iCarly' title stands out and appeals to the audience who will feel excited by this.


Fonts:
The title 'iCarly' helps maintain a consistent house-style as it uses the same font which is used for the show and other merchandise. This font is yellow, blue and pink which demonstrates that the show is targeted towards both males and females. The pink background ensures that the title stands out and is therefore clear for the audience. It also makes it look much more exciting. The font itself is very simple which again makes it easy for the audience to interpret. Above the title is the 'Nickelodeon' logo, which is also in a very simple white font with an orange background; this is used as a means of promoting the show to the audience as well as promoting Nickelodeon to them. The "Season 1, Volume 1" font is in a very funky and young font which will appeal to the correct age, this font also gives us a 'digital' feeling, which reinforces that the show is based on a web-show. Telling the audience which season and volume the DVD is also gives them a good idea of which episodes are featured on this DVD. 

Representations:

The characters are all smiling which demonstrates a positive image of the show. The characters consist of two boys and two girls together, which suggests that the show is aimed at a target audience of young boys and girls. However, the characters in the background are smaller which shows that they are still stars of the show but not quite as important as Carly.  This is shown in other ways too, such as the fact that all the characters wear very neutral colours, demonstrating the fact they are all ordinary teenagers.

Conventions:

The DVD follows conventions by keeping a minimalistic layout of just the images and title of the show. However, as opposed to the other DVD's i have analysed, the iCarly one clearly challenges conventions as it follows the route of the eye more so than the principle of thirds; something that is quite unusual for a DVD cover.

Layout
This 'The Suite Life On Deck' DVD cover follows usual DVD conventions by mainly following the principle of thirds. The first thing we see on the cover is the title 'The Suite Life On Deck' in the same font and colour the show usually uses; therefore creating a house style which allows the audience to familiarise and identify the DVD with the show. Another important aspect of the cover is the image of four of the main characters, placed between the hotspots, which takes up the majority of the cover; this too makes it easy for the audience to recognise the characters as they stand out against the white background. There are other aspects of the layout which don't initially draw our attention to the DVD but are still important in maintaining that attention once it is given. For example, the Disney Channel logo in the bottom left corner which will appeal to those who are interested in other programmes on this channel.

Images
This first thing we see on the cover in the centre of the page between the hot spots, is an image of four of the characters. In the image, it is clear that the characters are looking out of a boat window, which links in with the 'On Deck' theme of the show. The two characters at the front are the twins, who have been placed in front to emphasise the fact they are the main characters Zack and Cody. Behind the twins are two other characters, both of which are females. Like the other covers i have researched, all of the characters are smiling to show the fact they are having a good time, helping the DVD seem appealing to the audience. Showing an equal amount of girls and boys on the cover also demonstrates the fact it is a programme targeted towards both sexes.

Representation
In the central image of the DVD cover, both of the twins wear tops of a blue shade to represent the fact they are typical boys. The female on the left is portrayed as very feminine and girly as she wears pink shades with a lot of jewellery such as her tiara and earrings and as well as this her hair is very curly; emphasising the fact she is very in to her looks. However the girl on the right is shown as much less girly as her hair is plain and she wears black, this highlights the differences between their personalities.

Font
One of the first things we see on the cover is the title which is placed directly above the image. The font of the title remains the same as what is used for the actual television programme, this creates a brand identity and helps the audience to familiarize the DVD with the show. At the very top of the cover is the sub-heading "Anchors away", this may be regarding the name of the episode featured on this particular DVD and it also reinforces the fact the programme is set on a ship. At the bottom of the cover is, similarly to the other DVD's, the Disney logo helping to promote the product to the audience and next to this is some text in very small font saying "EXCLUSIVE: See the stars at their On-Deck premiere!", we know this feature is not as important in drawing the audience in due to the size of the font, but it is important in making the audiences attention remain on the DVD as they will see extras that can only be seen on this DVD. Above this text are two very small logos, both being related to Disney, this gives the audience extra details about the product. The fonts used for the gold sign are also very posh and curly, which shows the ship is usually for adults or families. However the 'Anchors away' font is very masculine, linking with the fact the main characters are boys. However, the 'On Deck' part of the sign which has been taped onto the title has the effect of being hand written by one of the boys, suggesting a sense of mischievousness.

Colours
The colour scheme used is mainly white and gold, this highlights the fact that the cruise ship is intended to be quite posh and therefore there will be a few adults in the show. The background is white which keeps the layout of the magazine ordered as well as simple, it is also a unisex colour and so demonstrates the fact that the programme is aimed at both sexes.

Conventions

The DVD follows conventions by maintaining a minimalistic structure by focusing on mainly the title and the main image of the programme, therefore keeping an ordered layout. It also follows typical conventions by following the principle of thirds in its layout.

Research into similar products: Childrens Magazines

'Hannah Montana' is a children's television show about a teenage girl trying to deal with living a double life. The show is mainly targeted towards young girls up to the age of 14. The show is owned by Disney.

Layout

The layout of this particular magazine cover is very ordered and well-structured, featuring lots of small and large cover lines in order to cater for a target audience of females. The cover follows typical magazine conventions, using the route of the eye. The route of the eye starts at the very top of the magazine with a coverline going across saying “NEW LOOK NEW LOOK NEW LOOK”. This stands out in a bright orange colour and capital letters and captures the reader’s attention; making them want to see more, the words “New look” suggest there is some aspect of fashion within the magazine; appealing to a girly audience. Under this heading is the masthead of the magazine which uses the same logo used for the Hannah Montana TV programme as well as all her merchandise; this reinforces a brand identity and is recognisable to the audience who will familiarise it with the show on encountering it, this will determine if they want to read the magazine, depending on whether they have seen the show or not. The main image of Hannah is next along the route of the eye, this is perhaps the first thing that will capture the audience’s attention as it stands out the most on the page. The audience can see immediately that Hannah is a fashionable character who loves to sing and dance; a character that can relate well to young girls who share these common interests. Her costume and microphone also emphasise to the audience that she is a pop-singer, and perhaps acts as a role model to young girls. Showing Hannah as a young happy pop-singer makes the audience aspire to be like her as she is a character that young girls idolise or see as a role-model – this means that this good impression is vital. Going through the rest of the route of the eye; there are a few cover-lines that will capture the audience’s attention quite easily, such as “Peak inside Miley Stewarts journal”; this is important in gaining the audience’s attention as they will want to know Miley’s secrets in order to be her friend; this creates a more personal bond between the character and the audience. Another particular headline which reinforces this is “Hannah’s advice for you” which again will appeal to girls who aspire to be more like Hannah. At the bottom left of the route of the eye is the Disney Channel logo; the logo stands out well and associates the show with the company; this could appeal to a wider audience. This is also shown as an advertisement and will gain more audience for the Disney Channel too. The last thing we see in the right corner is an advertisement for the Hannah Montana movie, this is shown in a very large and bold heading. This heading also describes what the issue is about; this is useful for the audience as they will want to know what else will be featured in the magazine.  In both of the left hotspots; there are a number of cover-lines which grab the audience’s attention. The other hotspots cover the main image of Hannah; ensuring that her image stands out boldly. The use of the principle of thirds is also used as it mainly focuses on the main image of Hannah Montana; again making it stand out more for girls that idolise her character.

Images

By using the main image of Hannah; the audience can determine quickly whether they think they will like this magazine or not based on whether they recognise her character or not. Those who recognise her will be able to identfy that the magazine is based on the tv show and therefore may enjoy this magazine, however those that don't recognise her character will look at other features of the cover first to find out whether they will want to read this magazine. The main image used of Hannah, along the route of the eye, is a mid-shot used to show the costume she is wearing. Her costume consists of a very stylish ensamble which is mainly pink and spotty; demonstrating to the audience that she is very girly and fashionable and that also clearly stating that this magazine is very girly. The fact her outfit is so glamorous highlights to the audience that she is not an ordinary girl, emphasising the fact she is a pop-singer. This is also emphasised through her body gestures as she poses in a dancing position holding a microphone. She is also shown as very happy as she is pictured smiling; this reinforces the audiences feelings making them happy too. The fact she is so bright and stands-out shows her personality and makes it clear to the audience that she is a style-icon.There are two other smaller images of Hannah on the cover which are placed next to cover lines to demonstrate what the cover line says. One of the images is placed next to a cover line saying "Learn to sing loud", the image placed next to this is of Hannah singing; therefore demonstrating to the audience that she is doing it; showing them that if Hannah can do it, so can they. The other small image is next to a cover line that talks about the Hannah-Montana movie. In this photo Hannah is dressed as 'Miley' - this is something that the audience will recognise if they have seen the show, she is also with a boy in this photo which suggests there is some romance between the two characters. This will be very popular towards younger girls as they will want to know all about Hannah's love-life and her 'secrets'.  At the bottom of the cover is where the Disney logo has been placed, showing that there is a connection between the show and Disney, doing this has helped to promote Disney and attract new customers that trust Disney to check out the magazine. The fonts used stand out due to the bright 'young' colours used, which highlight the target audience group of young girls. 

Colours

The colour palette for the Hannah Montana cover remains quite strict, with yellow, purple and pink shades being used all over to reinforce the fact it is a magazine aimed towards young girls. Though the same colours are used consistently, various shades are used to ensure that some features still stand out more than others; for example the masthead and cover-line "Learn to sing loud" stand out against the paler background. However, the colours used remain quite toned-down which signifies that the magazine aims to stay relatively simple - this has a much more 'pretty' effect for the audience. The contrasting colour of yellow is used to ensure that the magazine still stands out and grabs the readers attentions. The masthead remains the same as what is used for the television programme itself, using purple and yellow. This makes it appear more as a logo to the audience; helping them to recognise the magazine.

Fonts

Using similar fonts helps create a recognizable house style for the magazine. The masthead is the same as what is shown in the TV show, this helps the audience familiarise the magazine with the show. Also, the masthead remains the same on every issue of the magazine as well as all Hannah Montana merchandise, this helps the reader identify the magazine and it creates a brand identity. All the fonts used on this cover are bold and clear to read which is vital in appealing to young girls. Though there is not a variety of fonts used; the magazine still appears to be exciting whilst remaining tidy with an ordered structure; an element which is appealing to females especially. The fonts all maintain a feminine house-style which is appropriate for the audience.The Disney logo uses the same font as it uses on all their products; this is essential in appealing to a wide audience as it is widely recognised; therefore will attract more people to look at the magazine. 

Representations
Hannah Montana's character is represented as a young and fashionable teenager on this magazine. Her characters impression is important in catering for a wide audience, therefore she is shown as a very happy girl in the main image as she is smiling. The fact she holds a microphone reinforces the fact she is a pop-star and it also brings across her personality to the audence; showing them what she enjoys and relating to young girls that enjoy the same things. The fact Hannah's name is in lights in the masthead also emphasises the fact she is a pop-star. The magazine as a whole is seen as very girly due to the colours and the topics brought up in the cover-lines. This helps to appeal to the prime audience of young females. 

Conventions
The magazine cover is mainly focused on the main image of Hannah herself; showing her as young, fun and attractive to the audience. This is quite typical for a childrens magazine as they aim to represent the character as 'cool', which is reinforced to the audience. There are various cover-lines covering feminine topics such as singing; this enables the reader to relate to Hannah's character. There are a lot of features on the magazine, giving the impression it s cluttered, which is typical for a children's magazine as it creates a sense of excitement. Many bold and bright colours and fonts are used to make sure the magazine stands out, this is also a very typical aspect of children's magazines.

Sabrina the teenage witch is a television show about a young witch dealing with normal day to day life pretending to be a normal teenager and using magic to solve problems. The show is aimed at mainly young females up to the age of 15.

Layout

Looking at the principle of thirds, it is clear that the first vertical column is reasonably important on this particular cover because of the cover line in the bottom corner that tells the audience about a free present that comes with the magazine. This section stands out from the rest of the cover as a different background colour has been used and it is quite a large section. Also, the word "FREE" is in capitals, another way of grabbing the audiences attention; this will especially appeal to young girls as the prize is a makeup box. Following the route of the eye from the top, the first thing the audience will see, conventionally, in the masthead 'Sabrinas Secrets', however, as opposed to the other magazines i have researched, the font and name of the magazine are in fact different to the actual show. This is why the real name of the show, using the font that the audience can identify with, has been placed just above the masthead in white. The fact it is in white and in a different font to the rest of the cover lines shows it is not an important element of the magazine, however is just there so the audience can identify that the magazine is based on the programme 'Sabrina the teenage witch'. Next to this is the magazines issue number in a blue star, as we can see this issue is the first one, this may explain why 'Sabrina the teenage witch' has been placed in the top corner, as the magazine is new and the audience will not be able to familiarize it at this point. After this the other main feature we see on the cover is the mid-shot of Sabrina herself with her cat. This itself helps the audience connect the magazine with the correct television show as they will be able to recognize these characters. Sabrina is herself wearing a black dress and necklace with short hair, this demonstrates the fact she is an elegant character and references to her higher social class, the fact she is holding her cat also demonstrates this. The cover lines remain somewhat ordered, this contrasts with other magazines i have researched, as the cover lines on this magazine are laid out in a bullet-point manner except in the terminal optical area where it says 'Sabrinas secret diary', this is in a white and different font to help balance out the ordered layout. 

Colours

The colour scheme sticks to a strict theme of mainly purple, pink and yellow. These colours contrast well against each other in order to help them stand out at much as possible and therefore appeal to a wider audience. These colours are relatively feminine and therefore cater for a female audience. The black cauldron at the bottom of the cover, along with the black cat, help reinforce the fact that Sabrina is a witch as both objects are supersticiously the items of a witch; this is something that the audience will find exciting.  The issue number has been placed in a blue star to add some excitement to the magazine; by using some other colours. However, this blue shade still maintains the feminine colour palette. Other cover lines are in a white font; this helps to balance out the ordered layout by adding some simplicity to the cover; this suggests that the magazine is aimed at slightly older girls perhaps between an age range of 9-15. 

Font

Some of the cover lines used are in a white font which helps create a balance between what features are most important and what features are not quite as important. The font that has been used throughout the cover is relatively feminine as it is mostly a curly font; this highlights the fact that the magazine is aimed towards a female audience. At the top of the page in white, is details such as the date of the release of this issue; the fact this is in such a small font tell us that they are not very important aspects of the magazine however they are still essential features for a magazine cover, giving the audience the information they need in order to know how old or new this issue is. The fonts stick to a colour scheme of mainly pink, purple and yellow, each contrasting against each other in order to help them stand out as much as possible.

ImagesThe main image of the cover is of Sabrina; this helps the audience identify what programme the magazine is based on as they will be able to recognise Sabrina if they watch the show. Sabrina wears a plain black dress and necklace and holds her cat as a prop; this will also be a familiar aspect to the audience as they will recognise the cat as her pet 'Salem'. Other smaller images are used throughout the cover; the witches cauldron at the bottom of the page acts as a type of logo for the cover, which is similar to the hannah montana cover. In the pink box there is a picture of the make-up box that will come free with the magazine, this is important in showing the audience what they are getting, especially as the word "FREE" isn't very noticeable on the page. This picture helps the audience decide whether or not they want this magazine, depending on whether they like the look of this gift or not and it also appeals to a target audience who are interested in make-up as they will want to share the same interests as Sabrina as they aspire to be like her. The other pictures, by the main image, are relatively small; one of the pictures is a whole body shot of a girl doing a girly pose, next to this image is a close up of the girls hair in braids ; the words "step by step" just above it tells the audience that there are instructions in the magazine on how to achieve this hairstyle. This, and the free make up box are important in attracting girls that are interested in fashion or want to be like Sabrina.

Language

Using language such as 'cool' reinforces to the audience that Sabrina is a 'cool' character. As well as this it also demonstrates that it is 'cool' to read the magazine and take part in the featured activities enlisted on the cover; this will ultimately appeal to a wide audience who will aspire to be 'cool' like Sabrina. Other language used such as 'secret' in the masthead is also important in creating a personal bond between Sabrina and the reader as a 'secret' is something that is not supposed to be seen or heard by others; this aspect will excite the children as well as making them think of Sabrina as their friend. It also plays a significant role in appealing to a wide audience as the mast-head is one of the most prominent features on the cover. The word 'secret' is also used in a cover-line to reinforce this idea.

Representations

Sabrina is wearing a black dress and necklace with short hair; this is quite a simple and so represents her an an elegant character as well as showing her higher social class, the fact she is holding a pet cat also demonstrates this. Sabrina is pictured smiling in the main image to represent the fact she is a happy young girl. It is important to cater for a wide audience of young girls who will aspire to be like Sabrina, therefore showing her as a happy girl is vital. As well as this it will create a more personal bond between her character and the audience who will feel as though Sabrina is her friend. Also using language such as 'Cool' emphasises that she is a 'cool' character to the audience.



‘Tracy Beaker' is a children's television show based on the story of a girl in care and how she deals with certain situations in her life such as living in a care home with other children and not having her mother around. The show is targeted towards both young boys and girls up to the age of 14 and is shown on the CBBC channel.

Layout

The magazine is organised orderly and appropriate to appeal to the target audience, following conventions by using the route of the eye. The first thing that we see when following the route of the eye is the masthead which remains the same for each issue of the magazine as well as the television programme itself, making it a logo. This creates a brand identity and makes the magazine more recognisable to children who watch Tracey Beaker which they will associate it with; ultimately appealing to a wider audience. The masthead is very bold and eye-catching, with a yellow background which contrasts against the foreground colours which are orange, blue, pink and purple. These colours with the font are suitable for grabbing children’s attention as they are extremely bright and vibrant. The masthead is very large, spreading across the top third of the cover. This allows younger children to understand it as it is clear and easy to read. Surrounding the masthead is what appears to be a star explosion, this helps Tracey Beaker’s name stand out more and grabs the children’s attention as it seems exciting and fun, which invites the audience in. Within this ‘explosion’ are scattered smaller stars which are of different colours, this emphasises the child-like style of the magazine.  Her image is also used to enable the audience to identify the magazine with the programme. Appearing next along the route of the eye is the cover line which reads ‘Play Tracey’s Dare Game’, this immediately appeals to young children as it is a fun activity which gets them involved, the fact says it is Tracey’s game urges the children to want to play more as Tracey is who they look up to. The banner along the bottom of the page is the last thing the audience will see along the route of the eye. This is a good final attempt to sell the product to the consumer as it contains more fun and exciting topics/activities that the children will find interesting. The principle of thirds is also used on this cover, though not very conventionally. The main image of Tracey takes up two thirds, however the other third includes a number of bold cover lines. In the first hotspot is a headline inside a speech bottle that is coming from a cartoon version of the character Tracey, this will be recognisable to children who watch the television programme; therefore enticing them to buy the magazine more. The speech bubble gives a personal effect and makes the consumer feel as though Tracey is speaking to them personally through conversation. The other hotspots cover the image of Tracey and the cover lines at the bottom.

Images

There are other features on the page that are not quite as noticeable as these elements, such as the image of Tracey demonstrating the “Play Tracey’s dare game”  feature of the magazine as she holds a microphone; which communicates to us that she is daring to sing. The fact she is doing the dare demonstrates to the audience that she is brave. The other small image is a cartoon version of Tracey which is familiar to viewers of the show. The cartoon is very similar to Tracey, wearing a red top and having her signature frizzy hair, therefore it is clear to new consumers what the intention of the cartoon is – to imitate the real-life character. The cartoon’s speech mark contains some key information about what else to find in the magazine, giving the audience a broad knowledge of what to find and therefore catering for a wider range of audience. The main image of Tracy along the route of the eye is a mid-shot, allowing the audience to see her facial and body expressions; this allows the audience to identify the type of character that she is and it is clear that she is quite a mischevous young girl. The fact she wears a plain red top and her hair is ordinary represents her as an ordinary young girl; easily adopting a relationship with the audience who will feel more like Tracy's friend than her fan - this representation contrasts with other characters such as Hannah Montana. The fact she is not very girly shows that she is not particularly a girly girl and more of a tomboy; this demonstrates that she could relate to a male audience as well as females.

Language

Tracey’s character is represented as fun and bubbly throughout the cover through images as well as the language used, this will appeal to a wide range of young children who will feel as though they can relate to her character and they see her as ‘cool’. This is also represented through the use of language such as ‘wicked’ and ‘fab’ which is appealing to a younger audience, this suggests a positive connotation; making the magazine seem fun and exciting. Using language like this is effective in appealing to a wide audience as children will look at Tracy as a role model type figure, therefore thinking she is a 'cool' character; therefore in an attempt to be be similar to Tracy, the audience will want to look at the magazine if they know that Tracy would find it cool; simply because of the influence the magazine will have on the audience. This language also follows conventions which help make it clear who the target audience is.

Colours

The magazine consists of various bold and bright colours which emphasise the target audience is young children. However the colour palette remains quite strict, sticking to a theme of blue, pink and yellow which together suggest a more feminine appeal, the dominance of pink and purple also highlights this. Though quite feminine colours are used, it is clear that the magazine is still aimed at all children due to the amount of yellow being used; as this seems to be consistent throughout the cover. The fact that the main background is blue rather than pink or purple also demonstrates that the magazine is quite unisex as the shade used is quite girly however with blue being a primary male colour it appeals to them too; this allows the magazine to cater for a wider audience.

Fonts

There are a variety of fonts used on this cover which add to the magazines themed look, they all follow a very child-like styles, remaining fun, exciting and clear to read; this is important when aiming a magazine at a young audience. The text in the speech bubble resembles that a child’s handwriting, this is effective in helping children relate to the magazine as it is the type of writing they are quite familiar with. Some of the fonts used on the cover lines such as 'Tracy's Fab Fact File' are relatively simple, resembling fonts such as 'Arial Narrow', however they have been accessorised as more 'exciting' due to capital letters and the bright colours used - therefore being able to cater for a wider audience of children.

Representations

The next thing we see along the route of the eye is the large close-up image of Tracey Beaker herself. Though the image is not conventionally central between the four hotspots, this allows the audience to see her face and show her facial expression in detail, this allows the audience to gain their own opinions and impressions of Tracy; in this issue she is clearly portrayed as a mischievous young girl when we focus on her body action – she has her hand on her face with raised eyebrows which implies that she is confident and has a silly personality The fact her hair is not particularly "glamorous" shows she is a laidback and relaxed individual who does not care much about her appearance, this tells us about her personality and also hints at the idea that she is a tomboy - this is also seen as she is just wearing a plain red t-shirt which matches the cartoon picture of her. It is also clear she is portrayed as 'cool' and 'fab' as this is some of the language used on the page. Tracy and the audience because it seems as though she is saying it herself, this will draw the audience in as they will feel like her friend.

Conventions

The price and date of the magazine are at the top of the page but are much smaller than the other fonts because they are not as important in grabbing the audience’s attention.  The issue number is also reasonably small however still manages to stand out and maintain child-like colours and fonts. It tells the audience that this is part of a series of magazines. In the terminal optical area is the cover line called "my book about me", this is the last thing the audience will see on the cover and therefore is one of the main features of the cover which will grab the audience’s attention as the fans of Tracy will want to know everything about her. The fact it is written in first person creates a personal bond between